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Knowledge Base: Russia Timber Grades -GOST 22298-76
STATE STANDART    
GOST 22298-76
Technical requirements  
This standard is applied to coniferous timber for export.
1. Dimensions.
1.1. The timber dimension are determined as follows:
length: from 4.0 up to 7.0 m; gradation: 0.25 m and also 3.8; 7.6 and 8.0 m;
thickness: from 14 cm and above; gradation: 2 cm.
It is possible to make timber of other dimensions according trade association orders. 
1.2. The timber should have a 5-8 cm length allowance.
2. Technical requirements.
2.1. The timber should be made of pine, spruce, fir, larch and cedar.
2.2. The timber should be made of grades 1, 2 and 3, depending on the timber quality.
2.3. The quality showing should correspond with the requirements described in Clause 3.
2.4. The timber should be delivered in a wany and unbarked form. Partial bark roughing is allowed. The wany logs quantity is specially determined in the Foreign Trade Association order.
2.5. Knots in the timber should be lopped off on a level with the surface of an unbarked log, and a cut should be plain.
2.6. Butt trimming should not exceed 1/10 of a log end diameter. The peaks formed at timber fell should be ended and root paws and burls should be filled.
In timber with length, which is above 60 cm, an end cut, which is formed by two parallel planes, the diffirence between which should not be more than 2 cm, is allowed.
3. Quality showing.
3.1. Grade 1.
3.1.1. Knots.
3.1.1.1. All kinds of knots, except tobacco and covered ones, with a dimension of not more than 10 mm are not taken into account. Knots, which are taken into account, with a dimension of more than 25 mm, are not allowed, 3 knots per 1 meter of a log length on average.
3.1.1.2. Tobacco knots are not allowed.
3.1.1.3. The buckles, screening the covered knots are allowed, if the height above the surface is mot more than 10 mm.
3.1.2. Fungus lesions.
3.1.2.1. Fungus heartwood spots and stripes with a dimension of more than 1/4 of a correspondent end diameter are not allowed.
3.1.2.2. Heartwood rot is not allowed. It is allowed in butt logs on a lower end with a dimension of not more 1/5 of an end diameter.
3.1.2.3. Sapwood rot is not allowed. The simultaneous availability of heartwood rot on one end of a log and heartwood spots and stripes on the other end is not allowed. Only one sort of rot is allowed in timber - heartwood rot or sapwood rot.
3.1.2.4. Outside mouldering rot is not allowed.
3.1.2.5. Sapwood fungus stain (blue stain and sapwood colored spots) with a depth of more than 1/20 of a correspondent end diameter along the radius are not allowed.
3.1.3. 3.1.3. Bore holes.
3.1.3.1. Surface bore holes are allowed. Deep and not deep bore holes are not allowed. 
3.1.4. 3.1.4. Fissures and bark pockets.
3.1.4.1. Heart shakes, ring shakes, frost cracks and bark pockets, which go into a stripe (heart cutting out), with a dimension of not more than 1/5 of a correspondent end diameter are allowed. 
3.1.4.2. Outside cracks and checks and open bark pockets with depth of more than 1/20 of a correspondent end diameter are not allowed.
3.1.4.3. End checks within a determined length allowance are allowed.
3.1.5. Sweep.
3.1.5.1. Simple sweep with a flexure arrow of more than 1% of the log length is not allowed.
3.1.5.2. Multiple sweep with a dimension of a half standard of the simple one is allowed. 
3.1.6. Buttress.
3.1.6.1. The buttress with a depth of more than 1/5 of butt end diameter is not allowed.
3.1.7. A slope of grain.
3.1.7.1. A slope of grain is not allowed at the deviation of grain from the forward direction of 1/3 of a top end diameter per 1 meter of a log length.
3.1.8. A double pith and an outcast.
3.1.8.1. A double pith and an outcast are not allowed.
3.1.9. A dry side.
3.1.9.1. A dry side with a depth of not more than 1/20 of a diameter in the point of damage but not more than 6 cm is allowed.
3.1.10. Canker.
Canker is not allowed.
3.1.11. Mechanical damages (cuts down, gashes, chips, shears) and carbonized wood.
3.1.11.1. Mechanical damages (cuts down, gashes, chips, shears) and carbonized wood with a depth of not more than 1/10 of a diameter in a point of damage but not more than 4 cm are allowed.
3.2. Grade 2.
3.2.1. Knots.
3.2.1.1. All kind of knots, except tobacco and covered ones, with a dimension of not more than 20 mm are not taken into account. Knots which are taken into account, with a dimension of more than 50 mm, are not allowed, 4 knots per 1 meter of a log length on average.
3.2.1.2. Tobacco knots are not allowed.
3.2.1.3. Buckles, screening the covered knots are allowed, if the height above the surface is mot more than 40 mm.
3.2.2. Fungus lesions.
3.2.2.1. Fungus heartwood spots and stripes with a dimension of more than 1/3 of a correspondent end diameter are not allowed.
3.2.2.2. Heartwood rot is not allowed. It is allowed in butt logs on a lower end with a dimension of not more 1/3 of an end diameter.
3.2.2.3. Sapwood rot is not allowed. One-sided sapwood rot with a depth (from a log surface) of more than 1/10 of a correspondent end diameter and ring rot ！ more than 1/20 of a correspondent end diameter are not allowed. Simultaneous availability of heartwood rot on one end of a log and heartwood spots and stripes on the other end is not allowed. Only one sort of rot is allowed in timber ！ heartwood rot or sapwood rot.
3.2.2.4. Outside mouldering rot is not allowed.
3.2.2.5. Sapwood fungus stain (blue stain and sapwood colored spots) with a depth of more than 1/10 of a correspondent end diameter along the radius are not allowed.
3.2.3. Bore holes.
3.2.3.1. Surface bore holes are allowed. Deep and not deep bore holes are not allowed.
3.2.4. Fissures and bark pockets.
3.2.4.1. Heart shakes, ring shakes, frost cracks and bark pockets, which go into a stripe (heart cutting out), with a dimension of not more than 1/3 of a correspondent end diameter are allowed.
3.2.4.2. Outside cracks and checks and open bark pockets with depth of more than 1/20 of a correspondent end diameter are not allowed.
3.2.4.3. End checks within a determined length allowance are allowed. 
3.2.5. Sweep.
3.2.5.1. Simple sweep with a flexure arrow of more than 1.5% of the log length is not allowed.
3.2.5.2. Multiple sweep with a dimension of a half standard of the simple one is allowed. In logs, which are affected by heartwood rot, the sweep should not exceed the standards determined for Grade 1.
3.2.6. Buttress.
3.2.6.1. Buttress is allowed.
3.2.7. A slope of grain.
3.2.7.1. A slope of grain is not allowed at the deviation of grain from the forward direction of 1/2 of a top end diameter per 1 meter of a log length.
3.2.8. A double pith and an outcast.
3.2.8.1. A double pith and an outcast are not allowed.
3.2.9. A dry side.
3.2.9.1. A dry side with a depth of not more than 1/5 of a diameter in the point of damage but not more than 6 cm is allowed.
3.2.10. Canker.
3.2.10.1. Canker is not allowed.
3.2.11. Mechanical damages (cuts down, gashes, chips, shears) and carbonized wood.
3.2.11.1. Mechanical damages (cuts down, gashes, chips, shears) and carbonized wood with a depth of not more than 1/5 of a diameter in a point of damage but not more than 4 cm are allowed.
3.3. Grade 3.
3.3.1. Knots.
3.3.1.1. All kind of knots, except tobacco and covered ones, with a dimension of not more than 40 mm are not taken into account. The knots, which are taken into account, with a dimension of more than 80 mm (intergrown knots) and 60 mm (not intergrown knots), are not allowed, 5 knots per 1 meter of a log length on average.
3.3.1.2. Tobacco knots with a dimension of not more than 35 mm are allowed in the number of the knots, which are taken into account, not more than 2 knots per 1 meter of a log length. 
3.3.1.3. The buckles, screening the covered knots are allowed, if the height above the surface is mot more than 60 mm.
3.3.2. Fungus lesions.
3.3.2.1. Fungus heartwood spots and stripes are allowed. 
3.3.2.2. Heartwood rot is allowed on one of the ends with a dimension as follows: in logs with a diameter of up to 30 cm - not more than 1/5 of a correspondent end diameter, in logs with a diameter of above 30 cm - not more than 1/3 of a correspondent end diameter. It is allowed in butt logs on a lower end with a dimension of not more 1/3 of an end diameter.
3.3.2.3. One-sided sapwood rot with a depth (from a log surface) of more than 1/10 of a correspondent end diameter and ring rot ！ more than 1/20 of a correspondent end diameter are not allowed. The simultaneous availability of heartwood rot on one end of a log and heartwood spots and stripes on the other end is not allowed. Only one sort of rot is allowed in timber ！ heartwood rot or sapwood rot.
3.3.2.4. Outside mouldering rot is not allowed.
3.3.2.5. Sapwood fungus stain (blue stain and sapwood colored spots) with a depth of more than 1/4 of a correspondent end diameter along the radius are not allowed.
3.3.3. Bore holes.
3.3.3.1. Deep and not deep bore holes are allowed but not more than 3 holes per 1 meter of a log length on average.
3.3.4. Fissures and bark pockets.
3.3.4.1. Heart shakes, ring shakes, frost cracks and bark pockets are allowed.
3.3.4.2. Outside cracks and checks and open bark pockets with depth of more than 1/10 of a correspondent end diameter are not allowed.
3.3.4.3. End checks within a determined length allowance are allowed.
3.3.5. Sweep.
3.3.5.1. Simple sweep with a flexure arrow of more than 1.5% of the log length is not allowed.
3.3.5.2. Multiple sweep with a dimension of a half standard of the simple one is allowed. In logs, which are affected by heartwood rot, the sweep should not exceed the standards determined for Grade 1.
3.3.6. Buttress.
3.3.6.1. Buttress is allowed.
3.3.7. A slope of grain.
3.3.7.1. A slope of grain is allowed.
3.3.8. A double pith and an outcast.
3.3.8.1. A double pith and an outcast are allowed.
3.3.9. A dry side.
3.3.9.1. A dry side with a depth of not more than 1/3 of a diameter in the point of damage but not more than 6 cm is allowed.
3.3.10. Canker.
3.3.10.1. More than 1 meter long canker is not allowed.
3.3.11. Mechanical damages (cuts down, gashes, chips, shears) and carbonized wood.
3.3.11.1. Mechanical damages (cuts down, gashes, chips, shears) and carbonized wood with a depth of not more than 1/5 of a diameter in a point of damage but not more than 4 cm are allowed.